SQL 连接查询引擎¶

本教程将向您展示如何使用 SQLJoinQueryEngine。

该查询引擎允许您将结构化表格的洞察与非结构化数据相结合。
它首先会判断是否需要查询结构化表格以获取洞察。
确定后，引擎将推断出对应的向量存储查询，以获取相关文档。

注意： 任何文本转SQL应用都应注意，执行任意SQL查询可能存在安全风险。建议根据实际情况采取预防措施，例如使用受限角色、只读数据库、沙盒环境等。

安装配置¶

如果您在 Colab 上打开此 Notebook，可能需要安装 LlamaIndex 🦙。

In [ ]:

%pip install llama-index-readers-wikipedia
%pip install llama-index-llms-openai

%pip install llama-index-readers-wikipedia %pip install llama-index-llms-openai

In [ ]:

!pip install llama-index

!pip install llama-index

In [ ]:

# NOTE: This is ONLY necessary in jupyter notebook.
# Details: Jupyter runs an event-loop behind the scenes.
#          This results in nested event-loops when we start an event-loop to make async queries.
#          This is normally not allowed, we use nest_asyncio to allow it for convenience.
import nest_asyncio

nest_asyncio.apply()

import logging
import sys

logging.basicConfig(stream=sys.stdout, level=logging.INFO)
logging.getLogger().addHandler(logging.StreamHandler(stream=sys.stdout))

# NOTE: This is ONLY necessary in jupyter notebook. # Details: Jupyter runs an event-loop behind the scenes. # This results in nested event-loops when we start an event-loop to make async queries. # This is normally not allowed, we use nest_asyncio to allow it for convenience. import nest_asyncio nest_asyncio.apply() import logging import sys logging.basicConfig(stream=sys.stdout, level=logging.INFO) logging.getLogger().addHandler(logging.StreamHandler(stream=sys.stdout))

创建通用对象¶

这包括一个包含LLM和分块大小等抽象概念的 ServiceContext 对象。
同时还包括一个包含向量存储抽象概念的 StorageContext 对象。

In [ ]:

# # define pinecone index
# import pinecone
# import os

# api_key = os.environ['PINECONE_API_KEY']
# pinecone.init(api_key=api_key, environment="us-west1-gcp")

# # dimensions are for text-embedding-ada-002
# # pinecone.create_index("quickstart", dimension=1536, metric="euclidean", pod_type="p1")
# pinecone_index = pinecone.Index("quickstart")

# # define pinecone index # import pinecone # import os # api_key = os.environ['PINECONE_API_KEY'] # pinecone.init(api_key=api_key, environment="us-west1-gcp") # # dimensions are for text-embedding-ada-002 # # pinecone.create_index("quickstart", dimension=1536, metric="euclidean", pod_type="p1") # pinecone_index = pinecone.Index("quickstart")

In [ ]:

# # OPTIONAL: delete all
# pinecone_index.delete(deleteAll=True)

# # OPTIONAL: delete all # pinecone_index.delete(deleteAll=True)

创建数据库模式与测试数据¶

这里我们介绍一个包含100张表的示例场景（规模过大无法完整放入提示词）

In [ ]:

from sqlalchemy import (
    create_engine,
    MetaData,
    Table,
    Column,
    String,
    Integer,
    select,
    column,
)

from sqlalchemy import ( create_engine, MetaData, Table, Column, String, Integer, select, column, )

In [ ]:

engine = create_engine("sqlite:///:memory:", future=True)
metadata_obj = MetaData()

engine = create_engine("sqlite:///:memory:", future=True) metadata_obj = MetaData()

In [ ]:

# create city SQL table
table_name = "city_stats"
city_stats_table = Table(
    table_name,
    metadata_obj,
    Column("city_name", String(16), primary_key=True),
    Column("population", Integer),
    Column("country", String(16), nullable=False),
)

metadata_obj.create_all(engine)

# create city SQL table table_name = "city_stats" city_stats_table = Table( table_name, metadata_obj, Column("city_name", String(16), primary_key=True), Column("population", Integer), Column("country", String(16), nullable=False), ) metadata_obj.create_all(engine)

In [ ]:

# print tables
metadata_obj.tables.keys()

# print tables metadata_obj.tables.keys()

Out[ ]:

dict_keys(['city_stats'])

我们向 city_stats 表中导入了一些测试数据

In [ ]:

from sqlalchemy import insert

rows = [
    {"city_name": "Toronto", "population": 2930000, "country": "Canada"},
    {"city_name": "Tokyo", "population": 13960000, "country": "Japan"},
    {"city_name": "Berlin", "population": 3645000, "country": "Germany"},
]
for row in rows:
    stmt = insert(city_stats_table).values(**row)
    with engine.begin() as connection:
        cursor = connection.execute(stmt)

from sqlalchemy import insert rows = [ {"city_name": "Toronto", "population": 2930000, "country": "Canada"}, {"city_name": "Tokyo", "population": 13960000, "country": "Japan"}, {"city_name": "Berlin", "population": 3645000, "country": "Germany"}, ] for row in rows: stmt = insert(city_stats_table).values(**row) with engine.begin() as connection: cursor = connection.execute(stmt)

In [ ]:

with engine.connect() as connection:
    cursor = connection.exec_driver_sql("SELECT * FROM city_stats")
    print(cursor.fetchall())

with engine.connect() as connection: cursor = connection.exec_driver_sql("SELECT * FROM city_stats") print(cursor.fetchall())

[('Toronto', 2930000, 'Canada'), ('Tokyo', 13960000, 'Japan'), ('Berlin', 3645000, 'Germany')]

加载数据¶

我们首先演示如何将文档转换为节点集合，并将其插入文档存储库。

In [ ]:

# install wikipedia python package
!pip install wikipedia

# install wikipedia python package !pip install wikipedia

Requirement already satisfied: wikipedia in /Users/jerryliu/Programming/gpt_index/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages (1.4.0)
Requirement already satisfied: beautifulsoup4 in /Users/jerryliu/Programming/gpt_index/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages (from wikipedia) (4.12.2)
Requirement already satisfied: requests<3.0.0,>=2.0.0 in /Users/jerryliu/Programming/gpt_index/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages (from wikipedia) (2.28.2)
Requirement already satisfied: certifi>=2017.4.17 in /Users/jerryliu/Programming/gpt_index/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages (from requests<3.0.0,>=2.0.0->wikipedia) (2022.12.7)
Requirement already satisfied: charset-normalizer<4,>=2 in /Users/jerryliu/Programming/gpt_index/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages (from requests<3.0.0,>=2.0.0->wikipedia) (3.1.0)
Requirement already satisfied: idna<4,>=2.5 in /Users/jerryliu/Programming/gpt_index/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages (from requests<3.0.0,>=2.0.0->wikipedia) (3.4)
Requirement already satisfied: urllib3<1.27,>=1.21.1 in /Users/jerryliu/Programming/gpt_index/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages (from requests<3.0.0,>=2.0.0->wikipedia) (1.26.15)
Requirement already satisfied: soupsieve>1.2 in /Users/jerryliu/Programming/gpt_index/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages (from beautifulsoup4->wikipedia) (2.4.1)

[notice] A new release of pip available: 22.3.1 -> 23.1.2
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip

In [ ]:

from llama_index.readers.wikipedia import WikipediaReader

cities = ["Toronto", "Berlin", "Tokyo"]
wiki_docs = WikipediaReader().load_data(pages=cities)

from llama_index.readers.wikipedia import WikipediaReader cities = ["Toronto", "Berlin", "Tokyo"] wiki_docs = WikipediaReader().load_data(pages=cities)

构建 SQL 索引¶

In [ ]:

from llama_index.core import SQLDatabase

sql_database = SQLDatabase(engine, include_tables=["city_stats"])

from llama_index.core import SQLDatabase sql_database = SQLDatabase(engine, include_tables=["city_stats"])

构建向量索引¶

In [ ]:

from llama_index.llms.openai import OpenAI
from llama_index.core import VectorStoreIndex

# Insert documents into vector index
# Each document has metadata of the city attached

vector_indices = {}
vector_query_engines = {}

for city, wiki_doc in zip(cities, wiki_docs):
    vector_index = VectorStoreIndex.from_documents([wiki_doc])
    # modify default llm to be gpt-3.5 for quick/cheap queries
    query_engine = vector_index.as_query_engine(
        similarity_top_k=2, llm=OpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo")
    )
    vector_indices[city] = vector_index
    vector_query_engines[city] = query_engine

from llama_index.llms.openai import OpenAI from llama_index.core import VectorStoreIndex # Insert documents into vector index # Each document has metadata of the city attached vector_indices = {} vector_query_engines = {} for city, wiki_doc in zip(cities, wiki_docs): vector_index = VectorStoreIndex.from_documents([wiki_doc]) # modify default llm to be gpt-3.5 for quick/cheap queries query_engine = vector_index.as_query_engine( similarity_top_k=2, llm=OpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo") ) vector_indices[city] = vector_index vector_query_engines[city] = query_engine

定义查询引擎并设置为工具¶

In [ ]:

from llama_index.core.query_engine import NLSQLTableQueryEngine

sql_query_engine = NLSQLTableQueryEngine(
    sql_database=sql_database,
    tables=["city_stats"],
)

from llama_index.core.query_engine import NLSQLTableQueryEngine sql_query_engine = NLSQLTableQueryEngine( sql_database=sql_database, tables=["city_stats"], )

In [ ]:

from llama_index.core.tools import QueryEngineTool
from llama_index.core.tools import ToolMetadata
from llama_index.core.query_engine import SubQuestionQueryEngine

query_engine_tools = []
for city in cities:
    query_engine = vector_query_engines[city]

    query_engine_tool = QueryEngineTool(
        query_engine=query_engine,
        metadata=ToolMetadata(
            name=city, description=f"Provides information about {city}"
        ),
    )
    query_engine_tools.append(query_engine_tool)


s_engine = SubQuestionQueryEngine.from_defaults(
    query_engine_tools=query_engine_tools, llm=OpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo")
)

from llama_index.core.retrievers import VectorIndexAutoRetriever
from llama_index.core.vector_stores import MetadataInfo, VectorStoreInfo
from llama_index.core.query_engine import RetrieverQueryEngine


# vector_store_info = VectorStoreInfo(
#     content_info='articles about different cities',
#     metadata_info=[
#         MetadataInfo(
#             name='title',
#             type='str',
#             description='The name of the city'),
#     ]
# )
# vector_auto_retriever = VectorIndexAutoRetriever(vector_index, vector_store_info=vector_store_info, llm=OpenAI(model='gpt-4')

# retriever_query_engine = RetrieverQueryEngine.from_args(
#     vector_auto_retriever, llm=OpenAI(model='gpt-3.5-turbo')
# )

from llama_index.core.tools import QueryEngineTool from llama_index.core.tools import ToolMetadata from llama_index.core.query_engine import SubQuestionQueryEngine query_engine_tools = [] for city in cities: query_engine = vector_query_engines[city] query_engine_tool = QueryEngineTool( query_engine=query_engine, metadata=ToolMetadata( name=city, description=f"Provides information about {city}" ), ) query_engine_tools.append(query_engine_tool) s_engine = SubQuestionQueryEngine.from_defaults( query_engine_tools=query_engine_tools, llm=OpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo") ) from llama_index.core.retrievers import VectorIndexAutoRetriever from llama_index.core.vector_stores import MetadataInfo, VectorStoreInfo from llama_index.core.query_engine import RetrieverQueryEngine # vector_store_info = VectorStoreInfo( # content_info='articles about different cities', # metadata_info=[ # MetadataInfo( # name='title', # type='str', # description='The name of the city'), # ] # ) # vector_auto_retriever = VectorIndexAutoRetriever(vector_index, vector_store_info=vector_store_info, llm=OpenAI(model='gpt-4') # retriever_query_engine = RetrieverQueryEngine.from_args( # vector_auto_retriever, llm=OpenAI(model='gpt-3.5-turbo') # )

In [ ]:

sql_tool = QueryEngineTool.from_defaults(
    query_engine=sql_query_engine,
    description=(
        "Useful for translating a natural language query into a SQL query over"
        " a table containing: city_stats, containing the population/country of"
        " each city"
    ),
)
s_engine_tool = QueryEngineTool.from_defaults(
    query_engine=s_engine,
    description=(
        f"Useful for answering semantic questions about different cities"
    ),
)

sql_tool = QueryEngineTool.from_defaults( query_engine=sql_query_engine, description=( "Useful for translating a natural language query into a SQL query over" " a table containing: city_stats, containing the population/country of" " each city" ), ) s_engine_tool = QueryEngineTool.from_defaults( query_engine=s_engine, description=( f"Useful for answering semantic questions about different cities" ), )

定义 SQLJoinQueryEngine¶

In [ ]:

from llama_index.core.query_engine import SQLJoinQueryEngine

query_engine = SQLJoinQueryEngine(
    sql_tool, s_engine_tool, llm=OpenAI(model="gpt-4")
)

from llama_index.core.query_engine import SQLJoinQueryEngine query_engine = SQLJoinQueryEngine( sql_tool, s_engine_tool, llm=OpenAI(model="gpt-4") )

In [ ]:

response = query_engine.query(
    "Tell me about the arts and culture of the city with the highest"
    " population"
)

response = query_engine.query( "Tell me about the arts and culture of the city with the highest" " population" )

Querying SQL database: Useful for translating a natural language query into a SQL query over a table containing city_stats, containing the population/country of each city
INFO:llama_index.query_engine.sql_join_query_engine:> Querying SQL database: Useful for translating a natural language query into a SQL query over a table containing city_stats, containing the population/country of each city
> Querying SQL database: Useful for translating a natural language query into a SQL query over a table containing city_stats, containing the population/country of each city
INFO:llama_index.indices.struct_store.sql_query:> Table desc str: Table 'city_stats' has columns: city_name (VARCHAR(16)), population (INTEGER), country (VARCHAR(16)) and foreign keys: .
> Table desc str: Table 'city_stats' has columns: city_name (VARCHAR(16)), population (INTEGER), country (VARCHAR(16)) and foreign keys: .
SQL query: SELECT city_name, population FROM city_stats ORDER BY population DESC LIMIT 1;
SQL response: 
Tokyo is the city with the highest population, with 13.96 million people. It is a vibrant city with a rich culture and a wide variety of art forms. From traditional Japanese art such as calligraphy and woodblock prints to modern art galleries and museums, Tokyo has something for everyone. There are also many festivals and events throughout the year that celebrate the city's culture and art.
Transformed query given SQL response: What are some specific cultural festivals, events, and notable art galleries or museums in Tokyo?
INFO:llama_index.query_engine.sql_join_query_engine:> Transformed query given SQL response: What are some specific cultural festivals, events, and notable art galleries or museums in Tokyo?
> Transformed query given SQL response: What are some specific cultural festivals, events, and notable art galleries or museums in Tokyo?
Generated 3 sub questions.
[Tokyo] Q: What are some specific cultural festivals in Tokyo?
[Tokyo] Q: What are some specific events in Tokyo?
[Tokyo] Q: What are some notable art galleries or museums in Tokyo?
INFO:openai:message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=3069 request_id=eb3df12fea7d51eb93300180480dc90b response_code=200
message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=3069 request_id=eb3df12fea7d51eb93300180480dc90b response_code=200
[Tokyo] A: 
Some specific cultural festivals in Tokyo include the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, the biennial Kanda Festivals, the annual fireworks display over the Sumida River, picnics under the cherry blossoms in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden, and Harajuku's youth style, fashion and cosplay.
INFO:openai:message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=3530 request_id=ae31aacec5e68590b9cc4a63ee97b66a response_code=200
message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=3530 request_id=ae31aacec5e68590b9cc4a63ee97b66a response_code=200
[Tokyo] A: 
Some specific events in Tokyo include the 1964 Summer Olympics, the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships, the 2019 Rugby World Cup, the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics (rescheduled to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan), the Asian Network of Major Cities 21, the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations, the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, and various international academic and scientific research collaborations.
INFO:openai:message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=5355 request_id=81bff9133777221cde8d15d58134ee8f response_code=200
message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=5355 request_id=81bff9133777221cde8d15d58134ee8f response_code=200
[Tokyo] A: 
Some notable art galleries and museums in Tokyo include the Tokyo National Museum, the National Museum of Western Art, the Nezu Museum, the National Diet Library, the National Archives, the National Museum of Modern Art, the New National Theater Tokyo, the Edo-Tokyo Museum, the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, and the Studio Ghibli anime center.
query engine response: 
Some specific cultural festivals, events, and notable art galleries or museums in Tokyo include the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, the biennial Kanda Festivals, the annual fireworks display over the Sumida River, picnics under the cherry blossoms in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden, Harajuku's youth style, fashion and cosplay, the 1964 Summer Olympics, the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships, the 2019 Rugby World Cup, the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics (rescheduled to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan), the Asian Network of Major Cities 21, the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations, the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, various international academic and scientific research collaborations, the Tokyo National Museum, the National Museum of Western Art, the Nezu Museum, the National Diet Library, the National Archives, the National Museum of Modern Art, the New National Theater Tokyo, the Edo-Tokyo Museum, the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, and the Studio Ghibli anime center.
INFO:llama_index.query_engine.sql_join_query_engine:> query engine response: 
Some specific cultural festivals, events, and notable art galleries or museums in Tokyo include the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, the biennial Kanda Festivals, the annual fireworks display over the Sumida River, picnics under the cherry blossoms in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden, Harajuku's youth style, fashion and cosplay, the 1964 Summer Olympics, the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships, the 2019 Rugby World Cup, the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics (rescheduled to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan), the Asian Network of Major Cities 21, the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations, the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, various international academic and scientific research collaborations, the Tokyo National Museum, the National Museum of Western Art, the Nezu Museum, the National Diet Library, the National Archives, the National Museum of Modern Art, the New National Theater Tokyo, the Edo-Tokyo Museum, the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, and the Studio Ghibli anime center.
> query engine response: 
Some specific cultural festivals, events, and notable art galleries or museums in Tokyo include the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, the biennial Kanda Festivals, the annual fireworks display over the Sumida River, picnics under the cherry blossoms in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden, Harajuku's youth style, fashion and cosplay, the 1964 Summer Olympics, the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships, the 2019 Rugby World Cup, the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics (rescheduled to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan), the Asian Network of Major Cities 21, the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations, the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, various international academic and scientific research collaborations, the Tokyo National Museum, the National Museum of Western Art, the Nezu Museum, the National Diet Library, the National Archives, the National Museum of Modern Art, the New National Theater Tokyo, the Edo-Tokyo Museum, the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, and the Studio Ghibli anime center.
Final response: Tokyo, the city with the highest population of 13.96 million people, is known for its vibrant culture and diverse art forms. It hosts a variety of cultural festivals and events such as the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, the biennial Kanda Festivals, and the annual fireworks display over the Sumida River. Residents and visitors often enjoy picnics under the cherry blossoms in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden. Harajuku's youth style, fashion, and cosplay are also notable cultural aspects of Tokyo. The city has hosted several international events including the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 2019 Rugby World Cup, and the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics (rescheduled to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic). 

In terms of art, Tokyo is home to numerous galleries and museums. These include the Tokyo National Museum, the National Museum of Western Art, the Nezu Museum, the National Diet Library, the National Archives, the National Museum of Modern Art, the New National Theater Tokyo, the Edo-Tokyo Museum, the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, and the Studio Ghibli anime center. These institutions showcase everything from traditional Japanese art such as calligraphy and woodblock prints to modern art and scientific innovations.

In [ ]:

print(str(response))

print(str(response))

Tokyo, the city with the highest population of 13.96 million people, is known for its vibrant culture and diverse art forms. It hosts a variety of cultural festivals and events such as the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, the biennial Kanda Festivals, and the annual fireworks display over the Sumida River. Residents and visitors often enjoy picnics under the cherry blossoms in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden. Harajuku's youth style, fashion, and cosplay are also notable cultural aspects of Tokyo. The city has hosted several international events including the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 2019 Rugby World Cup, and the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics (rescheduled to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic). 

In terms of art, Tokyo is home to numerous galleries and museums. These include the Tokyo National Museum, the National Museum of Western Art, the Nezu Museum, the National Diet Library, the National Archives, the National Museum of Modern Art, the New National Theater Tokyo, the Edo-Tokyo Museum, the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, and the Studio Ghibli anime center. These institutions showcase everything from traditional Japanese art such as calligraphy and woodblock prints to modern art and scientific innovations.

In [ ]:

response = query_engine.query(
    "Compare and contrast the demographics of Berlin and Toronto"
)

response = query_engine.query( "Compare and contrast the demographics of Berlin and Toronto" )

Querying SQL database: Useful for translating a natural language query into a SQL query over a table containing city_stats, containing the population/country of each city
INFO:llama_index.query_engine.sql_join_query_engine:> Querying SQL database: Useful for translating a natural language query into a SQL query over a table containing city_stats, containing the population/country of each city
> Querying SQL database: Useful for translating a natural language query into a SQL query over a table containing city_stats, containing the population/country of each city
INFO:llama_index.indices.struct_store.sql_query:> Table desc str: Table 'city_stats' has columns: city_name (VARCHAR(16)), population (INTEGER), country (VARCHAR(16)) and foreign keys: .
> Table desc str: Table 'city_stats' has columns: city_name (VARCHAR(16)), population (INTEGER), country (VARCHAR(16)) and foreign keys: .
SQL query: SELECT city_name, population, country FROM city_stats WHERE city_name IN ('Berlin', 'Toronto');
SQL response:  Berlin and Toronto are both major cities with large populations. Berlin has a population of 3.6 million people and is located in Germany, while Toronto has a population of 2.9 million people and is located in Canada.
Transformed query given SQL response: What are the age, gender, and ethnic breakdowns of the populations in Berlin and Toronto?
INFO:llama_index.query_engine.sql_join_query_engine:> Transformed query given SQL response: What are the age, gender, and ethnic breakdowns of the populations in Berlin and Toronto?
> Transformed query given SQL response: What are the age, gender, and ethnic breakdowns of the populations in Berlin and Toronto?
Generated 6 sub questions.
[Berlin] Q: What is the age breakdown of the population in Berlin?
[Berlin] Q: What is the gender breakdown of the population in Berlin?
[Berlin] Q: What is the ethnic breakdown of the population in Berlin?
[Toronto] Q: What is the age breakdown of the population in Toronto?
[Toronto] Q: What is the gender breakdown of the population in Toronto?
[Toronto] Q: What is the ethnic breakdown of the population in Toronto?
INFO:openai:message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=934 request_id=b6a654edffcb5a12aa8dac775e0342e2 response_code=200
message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=934 request_id=b6a654edffcb5a12aa8dac775e0342e2 response_code=200
[Berlin] A: 
It is not possible to answer this question with the given context information.
INFO:openai:message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=1248 request_id=c3023af7adbb1018a483467bba6de168 response_code=200
message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=1248 request_id=c3023af7adbb1018a483467bba6de168 response_code=200
[Toronto] A: 
The gender population of Toronto is 48 per cent male and 52 per cent female. Women outnumber men in all age groups 15 and older.
INFO:openai:message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=2524 request_id=3a00900922f785b709db15420d83205b response_code=200
message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=2524 request_id=3a00900922f785b709db15420d83205b response_code=200
[Berlin] A: 
It is not possible to answer this question with the given context information.
INFO:openai:message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=4415 request_id=273aa88ce1189e6f09a7d492dd08490a response_code=200
message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=4415 request_id=273aa88ce1189e6f09a7d492dd08490a response_code=200
[Toronto] A: 
The median age of the population in Toronto is 39.3 years. Persons aged 14 years and under make up 14.5 per cent of the population, and those aged 65 years and over make up 15.6 per cent. Women outnumber men in all age groups 15 and older.
INFO:openai:message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=4960 request_id=4cb35c8f2cd448297321211f8e7ab19e response_code=200
message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=4960 request_id=4cb35c8f2cd448297321211f8e7ab19e response_code=200
[Berlin] A: 
The ethnic breakdown of the population in Berlin is primarily German, Turkish, Polish, English, Persian, Arabic, Italian, Bulgarian, Russian, Romanian, Kurdish, Serbo-Croatian, French, Spanish, Vietnamese, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian, Indian, Bosnian, American, Ukrainian, Chinese, Austrian, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, Egyptian and Syrian.
INFO:openai:message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=5783 request_id=5293a02bb62560654072ab8cc3235663 response_code=200
message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=5783 request_id=5293a02bb62560654072ab8cc3235663 response_code=200
[Toronto] A: 
The ethnic breakdown of the population in Toronto in 2016 was: European (47.9%), Asian (including Middle-Eastern – 40.1%), African (5.5%), Latin/Central/South American (4.2%), and North American aboriginal (1.2%). The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan at 12.6%), East Asian (Chinese at 12.5%), and Black (8.9%).
query engine response: 
Berlin:
Age breakdown: It is not possible to answer this question with the given context information.
Gender breakdown: It is not possible to answer this question with the given context information.
Ethnic breakdown: The ethnic breakdown of the population in Berlin is primarily German, Turkish, Polish, English, Persian, Arabic, Italian, Bulgarian, Russian, Romanian, Kurdish, Serbo-Croatian, French, Spanish, Vietnamese, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian, Indian, Bosnian, American, Ukrainian, Chinese, Austrian, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, Egyptian and Syrian.

Toronto:
Age breakdown: The median age of the population in Toronto is 39.3 years. Persons aged 14 years and under make up 14.5 per cent of the population, and those aged 65 years and over make up 15.6 per cent. Women outnumber men in all age groups 15 and older.
Gender breakdown: The gender population of Toronto is 48 per cent male and 52 per cent female. Women outnumber men in all age groups 15 and older.
Ethnic breakdown: The ethnic breakdown of the population in Toronto in 2016 was: European (47.9%), Asian (including Middle-Eastern – 40.1%), African (5.5%), Latin/Central/South American (4.2%), and North American aboriginal (1.2%). The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan at 12.6%), East Asian (Chinese at 12.5%), and Black (8.9%).
INFO:llama_index.query_engine.sql_join_query_engine:> query engine response: 
Berlin:
Age breakdown: It is not possible to answer this question with the given context information.
Gender breakdown: It is not possible to answer this question with the given context information.
Ethnic breakdown: The ethnic breakdown of the population in Berlin is primarily German, Turkish, Polish, English, Persian, Arabic, Italian, Bulgarian, Russian, Romanian, Kurdish, Serbo-Croatian, French, Spanish, Vietnamese, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian, Indian, Bosnian, American, Ukrainian, Chinese, Austrian, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, Egyptian and Syrian.

Toronto:
Age breakdown: The median age of the population in Toronto is 39.3 years. Persons aged 14 years and under make up 14.5 per cent of the population, and those aged 65 years and over make up 15.6 per cent. Women outnumber men in all age groups 15 and older.
Gender breakdown: The gender population of Toronto is 48 per cent male and 52 per cent female. Women outnumber men in all age groups 15 and older.
Ethnic breakdown: The ethnic breakdown of the population in Toronto in 2016 was: European (47.9%), Asian (including Middle-Eastern – 40.1%), African (5.5%), Latin/Central/South American (4.2%), and North American aboriginal (1.2%). The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan at 12.6%), East Asian (Chinese at 12.5%), and Black (8.9%).
> query engine response: 
Berlin:
Age breakdown: It is not possible to answer this question with the given context information.
Gender breakdown: It is not possible to answer this question with the given context information.
Ethnic breakdown: The ethnic breakdown of the population in Berlin is primarily German, Turkish, Polish, English, Persian, Arabic, Italian, Bulgarian, Russian, Romanian, Kurdish, Serbo-Croatian, French, Spanish, Vietnamese, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian, Indian, Bosnian, American, Ukrainian, Chinese, Austrian, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, Egyptian and Syrian.

Toronto:
Age breakdown: The median age of the population in Toronto is 39.3 years. Persons aged 14 years and under make up 14.5 per cent of the population, and those aged 65 years and over make up 15.6 per cent. Women outnumber men in all age groups 15 and older.
Gender breakdown: The gender population of Toronto is 48 per cent male and 52 per cent female. Women outnumber men in all age groups 15 and older.
Ethnic breakdown: The ethnic breakdown of the population in Toronto in 2016 was: European (47.9%), Asian (including Middle-Eastern – 40.1%), African (5.5%), Latin/Central/South American (4.2%), and North American aboriginal (1.2%). The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan at 12.6%), East Asian (Chinese at 12.5%), and Black (8.9%).
Final response: Berlin and Toronto are both major cities with large populations. Berlin, located in Germany, has a population of 3.6 million people. The ethnic breakdown of the population in Berlin is primarily German, Turkish, Polish, English, Persian, Arabic, Italian, Bulgarian, Russian, Romanian, Kurdish, Serbo-Croatian, French, Spanish, Vietnamese, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian, Indian, Bosnian, American, Ukrainian, Chinese, Austrian, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, Egyptian and Syrian. Unfortunately, the age and gender breakdowns for Berlin are not available.

On the other hand, Toronto, located in Canada, has a population of 2.9 million people. The median age of the population in Toronto is 39.3 years. Persons aged 14 years and under make up 14.5 per cent of the population, and those aged 65 years and over make up 15.6 per cent. The gender population of Toronto is 48 per cent male and 52 per cent female, with women outnumbering men in all age groups 15 and older. The ethnic breakdown of the population in Toronto in 2016 was: European (47.9%), Asian (including Middle-Eastern – 40.1%), African (5.5%), Latin/Central/South American (4.2%), and North American aboriginal (1.2%). The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan at 12.6%), East Asian (Chinese at 12.5%), and Black (8.9%).

In [ ]:

print(str(response))

print(str(response))

Berlin and Toronto are both major cities with large populations. Berlin, located in Germany, has a population of 3.6 million people. The ethnic breakdown of the population in Berlin is primarily German, Turkish, Polish, English, Persian, Arabic, Italian, Bulgarian, Russian, Romanian, Kurdish, Serbo-Croatian, French, Spanish, Vietnamese, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian, Indian, Bosnian, American, Ukrainian, Chinese, Austrian, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, Egyptian and Syrian. Unfortunately, the age and gender breakdowns for Berlin are not available.

On the other hand, Toronto, located in Canada, has a population of 2.9 million people. The median age of the population in Toronto is 39.3 years. Persons aged 14 years and under make up 14.5 per cent of the population, and those aged 65 years and over make up 15.6 per cent. The gender population of Toronto is 48 per cent male and 52 per cent female, with women outnumbering men in all age groups 15 and older. The ethnic breakdown of the population in Toronto in 2016 was: European (47.9%), Asian (including Middle-Eastern – 40.1%), African (5.5%), Latin/Central/South American (4.2%), and North American aboriginal (1.2%). The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan at 12.6%), East Asian (Chinese at 12.5%), and Black (8.9%).